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THE LITERATURE ON PRIMITIVE MILITARISM CONTAINS INCONSISTENCIES INVOLVING WRIGHT'S CONCLUSION THAT MORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE WERE LESS WARLIKE AND RUSSELL'S THAT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM WAS RELATEDTO PERSONALITY AND NOT TO CULTURE. TO RESOLVE THE INCONSISTENCY THIS STUDY LOOKS AT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM IN RELATION TO OTHER VARIABLES PROVIDED IN TEXTOR'S CROSS-CULTURAL SUMARY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES

ON THE BASIS OF THE SACRED SCRIPTURES OF THE GREAT RELIGIONS, ONE MIGHT EXPECT TO FIND RELIGIOUS ATTITUDES TOWARD PEACE, EQUALITY, FREEDOM, LOVE, AND OTHER HIGHER VALUES. HOWEVER, THE RESULTS OF SEVERAL SETS OF ATTITUDE-VALUE STUDIES CONDUCTED DURING THE LAST FORTY YEARS, DO NOT CONFIRMS THIS HYPOTHESIS. THUS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES SEEM TO BE IN CONTRADICTION.

A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON PRIMITIVE MILITARISM REVEALED SOME INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN WRIGHT'S CONCLUSION THAT MORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE WERE LESS WARLIKE AND RUSSELL'S CONCLUSION THAT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM WAS RELATED TO PERSONALITY BUT NOT TO CULTURE. IN ORDER TO TRY TO RESOLUE THIS INCONSISTENCY, THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO LOOK AT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM IN RELATION TO OTHER VARIABLES.

IN THIS ARTICLE, DEFINITIONS OF PEACE ACTION, EDUCATION, AND RESEARCH ARE SUGGESTED. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE GOOD REASONS WHY THESE VARIOUS APPROACHES TO PEACE SHOULD BE COOPERATIVE, THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT THIS HAS SELDOM BEEN THE CASE. RAPOPORT'S CONCEPT OF 'FUSION' PROVIDES ONE WAY OF BRINGING THESE THREE ACTIVITIES TOGETHER WITHOUT ANY NEED FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THEM. ACCORDING TO THIS CONCEPT, AND THE AUTHOR'S GENERALIZATIONS FROM IT, ACTIVISTS CAN BE EDUCATORS AND RESEARCHERS IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR ACTION; EDUCATORS CAN BE ACTIVISTS AND RESEARCHERS IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS; AND RESEARCHERS CAN BE ACTIVISTS AND EDUCATORS IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR RESEARCH. SOME EXAMPLES ARE PROVIDED TO ILLUSTRATE THIS CONCEPT.

PEACE STUDIES COURSES SHOULD INCREASE STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF FACTS, BUT FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE ALONE IS NOT ENOUGH. IT IS ESSENTIAL TO PROMOTE ATTITUDE CHANGE, MORAL DEVELOPMENT, AND A HUMANIST PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE THAT EMPHASIZES VALUES AS WELL AS FACTS. EVERY PEACE STUDIES COURSE SHOULD BE EVALUATED AT INTERVALS, AND THE RESULTS OF THESE EVALUATIONS SHOULD BE INCORPORATED INTO SUCCESSIVE COURSES.

THIS PAPER MENTIONS A FEW OF THE FINDINGS ABOUT ATTITUDES OF MILITARISM AND PACIFICISM DURING THE LAST FIFTY YEARS. CONFORMITY, COGNITIVE BELIEF IN THE INEVITABILITY OF WAR, AUTHORITARIANISM, AND POSITIVISM ARE ALL CORRELATED WITH MILITARISM.